Friday, February 26, 2016
Rising Sea Level Project
Climate change is a direct result of increased greenhouse gases emitted by humans. Additional heat from the atmosphere causes glaciers and ice sheets to melt and thermal expansion, a process in which water expands. These incidents have resulted in the rise of sea levels.This minor change can have huge effects on the environment. It will directly influence people by making them relocate and move away from coastal areas. In addition it has caused a decrease in biodiversity, habitat fragmentation to wetlands and coastal ecosystems , and saltwater intrusion.
Wednesday, January 13, 2016
Newmont Gold Mines in Nevada
Newmont Gold Mines in Environmental
Introduction
Newmont mining corporation is a world wide mining organization with sites ranging from Peru to Nevada. They mine primarily for gold but also extract several other minerals such as copper and silver and do this through open-pit mines. Newmont mines of Nevada perfectly show the good, the bad, and the ugly of the mining industry.
Background Information
Newmont Mining Corporation was founded by William Boyce Thompson in 1916. (Williams Boyce Thompson). With mining sites established throughout the world a majority lay in the valleys and mountainsides of Nevada. (Forbes). This sparsely settled state is located in the western United States and is situated between the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada. (Nevada ). This regions includes semiarid grasslands and sandy alkali deserts, making it one of the most dry and arid countries in the US. (Nevada History). Newmont began mining in Carlin, Nevada in 1965 and since then has expanded its powers and currently controls 2.8 million acres of land. (ApplyNow). In addition, there are multiple operations including 11 open pit/ surface mines, 8 underground mines, and 13 processing facilities. (Regional Key Facts). Open pit mining is a surface mining technique in which rock is excavated, creating a large open hole in the earth, in order to extract ores and minerals. (Basics of an Open Pit). Many of Newmont's locations mine for gold and sometimes even copper and silver. ( ).Gold plays an important role in our society and are very important. Besides acting as jewelry,gold can also be found in everyday items such as in mobile phones, pregnancy tests, arthritis treatment, and implants. (Golds Critical Role in Society). Also, gold nano particles aid to reduce exhaust emissions and deliver medicines to the body. (Gold Nanoparticles: Properties & Applications).
Discussion
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_mining_in_Nevada
As said above the Newmont Mining Corporation primarily uses open pit mining in order to extract ore. ( Who Owns the West?). This form of mining is different from extraction methods because it doesn't require tunneling into the earth, such as long wall mining. (Open Pit Mining). In order to get the gold from the ground they use a method called cyanide heap leaching. (Newmont Mining Corp: Assets are the Gold Mine Here).This method extracts gold from its ore by placing them on a base in a heap and sprinkling a cyanide leaching solvent over it. (Heap Leaching). A chemical reaction then takes place (4 Au + 8 NaCN + O2 + 2H2O → 4 Na[Au(CN)2] + 4NaOH.) as the cyanide bonds with the gold creating a water soluble complex. ( Amino Acids Key to New Gold Leaching Process). The resulting solution is transferred to a mill where chemicals are used to separate the gold and the cyanide. (Cyanide Leaching of Gold).
http://vzj.geoscienceworld.org/content/1/1/186/F1.expansion.html
As harmless as these these extraction and processing methods seem they are very degrading to the environment. Pit mining to begin with completely destroys the landscape and creates a lot of waste. (Foot Prints in the Dust). According to brilliantearth.com, It is estimated that that open pit mining creates at least 20 tons of toxic waste for every 0.333 ounce gold ring," (Brilliant Earth). Also, the the overburden and gaunge are relocated into tailings where acid mine drainage and toxic chemicals form. (The environmental disaster that is the Gold Industry ). The three main environmental impacts as a result of such degradation are are seen in the water usage, water quality, and air pollution. water quality in the Nevada area has been exposed to toxins and acid mine drainage due to leaks from the Phoenix, Rain, Lone Tree, and Mule mines. (Environmental Problems at Newmont Mines). Also in order to get the gold they have to pump the groundwater, causing dewatering, which then leads to a cone of depression around the mine as long as drawdown of usable water in the entire vicinity. (Environmental Problems at Newmont Mines). Lastly mercury is released in the process of mining for gold and since the late 2000s, Newmont has released thousands of pounds of mercury yearly. (Gold Processing: Mercury Usage in Gold). In fact, the Twin Creek itself released a reported 570 lbs of mercury in 2009. (Modern Mercury Contamination). Then when it comes to Cyanide Heap Leaching accidental spills of the cyanide solution in rivers and water bodies then become hazardous to all wildlife, especially aquatic, upsetting the balance of the ecosystem and creating less diversity. (Result Filters).
Environmental Laws and Pledges
In 2004 an environmental group called Earthworks, launched a pledge asking companies not to carry gold that was harming the environment. The gold was being produced through the destruction of the environment, so Earthworks wanted to be able to get a handle on how to change the problem. Eight large companies of the United States agreed and took the pledge, including Tiffany & CO., Target, and Helzberg Diamonds. The campaign was known as the, “No Dirty Gold Campaign.” This then set higher standards and also set the criteria that encourages metal mining companies to respect human rights and also the environment. (Smithsonian).
Conclusion
In the End, Newmont Mining Corporation was founded by William Boyce Thompson in 1916, starting in the valleys and mountainsides of Nevada to all over the world. The Nevada mines are a good example of all the good it has brought to the economy, the bad that it has brought to the environment, and the ugly that all the mines are going to leave behind for the public eye. This includes the water usage, water quality and mercury air pollution as the bad and ugly, while the good is the money reported from the amount of gold coming out of the mines.
Work Cited
"The Environmental Disaster That Is the Gold Industry." Smithsonian. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Jan. 2016. <http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/environmental-disaster-gold-industry-180949762/?no-ist>.
"Apply Now." Newmont Mining. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.newmont.com/about-
"Basics of an Open Pit Mine." Basics of an Open Pit Mine. N.p., n.d. Web.<http://www.mine-engineer.com/
"Carlin Trend." Mining Technology. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.mining-technology.
"The Environmental Disaster That Is the Gold Industry." Smithsonian. N.p., n.d. Web.14 Jan. 2016. <http://www.smithsonianmag.
"Gold Processing: Mercury Usage in Gold Mining ? MiningFacts.org." Gold Processing: Mercury Usage in Gold Mining ? MiningFacts.org. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.miningfacts.org/
"Key Facts." Newmont Mining. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.newmont.com/
"Key Facts." Newmont Mining. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.newmont.com/
Lechler, P. J. "Modern Mercury Contamination from Historic Amalgamation Milling of Silver-Gold Ores in the Carson River, Nevada and Jordan Creek, Idaho: Importance of Speciation Analysis in Understanding the Source, Mobility, and Fate of Polluted Materials." Mercury Contaminated Sites (1999): 337-55. Web.
"Nevada | History - Geography - State, United States." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web.<http://www.britannica.com/
"Nevada." Worldmark Encyclopedia of the States. 2007, "Nevada." Dictionary of American History. 2003, "Nevada." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th Ed.. 2015, "Nevada." Cities of the United States. 2006, "Nevada." World Encyclopedia. 2005, "Nevada." Gale Encyclopedia of U.S, MICHAEL KENNEDY;JOYCE BOURNE, and "Nevada." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. 2007. "Nevada." Encyclopedia.com. HighBeam Research, 01 Jan. 2007. Web. <http://www.encyclopedia.com/
N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.newmont.com/
1. Environmental Problems at Newmont Mines in Nevada January 11 2011 (n.d.): n. pag. Web..
"Open Pit Mining Techniques|Surface Mines|Rock or Mineral Extraction." Open Pit Mining Techniques|Surface Mines|Rock or Mineral Extraction. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.greatmining.com/
"Regional Key Facts." Newmont Mining. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.newmont.com/
"Result Filters." National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d. Web.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
"William Boyce Thompson (Deceased 1930)." William Boyce Thompson (Deceased 1930). N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.aimehq.org/
Forbes. Forbes Magazine, n.d. Web. 14 Jan. 2016.
Heber, Alex. "Golds Critical Role in Society." N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Jan. 2016. <http://www.australianmining.com.au/features/gold-s-critical-role-in-society>.
"Gold Nanoparticles: Properties and Applications." Sigma-Aldrich. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Jan. 2016. <http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/materials-science/nanomaterials/gold-nanoparticles.html>.
"Who Owns The West? Mining Claims in America's West." Who Owns The West? Mining Claims in America's West. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Jan. 2016. <http://www.ewg.org/mining/owners/overview.php?cust_id=-576016>.
" Open Pit Mining," Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 14 Jan. 2016. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-pit_mining>.
"Cyanide Leaching Of Gold." Cyanide Leaching Of Gold. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Jan. 2016. <http://www.mine-engineer.com/mining/minproc/cyanide_leach.htm>.
Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 14 Jan. 2016. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_mining_in_Nevada>.
" Heap Leachigng " N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Jan. 2016. <http://snobear.colorado.edu/Markw/Intro/Summitville/Cyanide_Leach/cyanide.html>.
"Newmont Mining Corp: Assets Are the Gold Mine Here -- The Motley Fool."The Motley Fool. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Jan. 2016. <http://www.fool.com/investing/general/2015/03/11/newmont-mining-corp-assets-are-the-gold-mine-here.aspx>.
"Amino Acids Key to New Gold Leaching Process." Amino Acids Key to New Gold Leaching Process. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Jan. 2016. <http://phys.org/news/2014-10-amino-acids-key-gold-leaching.html>
"Footprints in the Dust." : Environmental Consequences of Open Pit Mining. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Jan. 2016. <http://sob-leaningleft.blogspot.com/2012/03/environmental-consequences-of-open-pit.html>.
"Brilliant Earth." Brilliant Earth. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Jan. 2016. <http://www.brilliantearth.com/dirty-gold-mining-methods/>.
"Glossary of Mining Terms." Glossary of Mining Terms. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Jan. 2016. <http://www.coaleducation.org/glossary.htm>.
1. Environmental Problems at Newmont Mines in Nevada January 11 2011(n.d.): n. pag. Web.
Lechler, P. J. "Modern Mercury Contamination from Historic Amalgamation Milling of Silver-Gold Ores in the Carson River, Nevada and Jordan Creek, Idaho: Importance of Speciation Analysis in Understanding the Source, Mobility, and Fate of Polluted Materials." Mercury Contaminated Sites (1999): 337-55. Web.
"Result Filters." National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d. Web. 14 Jan. 2016. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15369321>.
Gol’fand, I. Ya, N. V. Krapukhina, and E. M. Fokina. "Features of decision making while managing enterprises in nonferrous metallurgy using the example of a gold-mining company." Russian Journal of Non-Ferrous Metals 52.3 (2011): 266-274.
"Vadose Zone Journal." Sign In. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Jan. 2016. <http://vzj.geoscienceworld.org/content/1/1/186/F1.expansion.html>.
Background Information
Discussion
|
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_mining_in_Nevada |
 |
| http://vzj.geoscienceworld.org/content/1/1/186/F1.expansion.html |
As harmless as these these extraction and processing methods seem they are very degrading to the environment. Pit mining to begin with completely destroys the landscape and creates a lot of waste. (Foot Prints in the Dust). According to brilliantearth.com, It is estimated that that open pit mining creates at least 20 tons of toxic waste for every 0.333 ounce gold ring," (Brilliant Earth). Also, the the overburden and gaunge are relocated into tailings where acid mine drainage and toxic chemicals form. (The environmental disaster that is the Gold Industry ). The three main environmental impacts as a result of such degradation are are seen in the water usage, water quality, and air pollution. water quality in the Nevada area has been exposed to toxins and acid mine drainage due to leaks from the Phoenix, Rain, Lone Tree, and Mule mines. (Environmental Problems at Newmont Mines). Also in order to get the gold they have to pump the groundwater, causing dewatering, which then leads to a cone of depression around the mine as long as drawdown of usable water in the entire vicinity. (Environmental Problems at Newmont Mines). Lastly mercury is released in the process of mining for gold and since the late 2000s, Newmont has released thousands of pounds of mercury yearly. (Gold Processing: Mercury Usage in Gold). In fact, the Twin Creek itself released a reported 570 lbs of mercury in 2009. (Modern Mercury Contamination). Then when it comes to Cyanide Heap Leaching accidental spills of the cyanide solution in rivers and water bodies then become hazardous to all wildlife, especially aquatic, upsetting the balance of the ecosystem and creating less diversity. (Result Filters).
Environmental Laws and Pledges
In 2004 an environmental group called Earthworks, launched a pledge asking companies not to carry gold that was harming the environment. The gold was being produced through the destruction of the environment, so Earthworks wanted to be able to get a handle on how to change the problem. Eight large companies of the United States agreed and took the pledge, including Tiffany & CO., Target, and Helzberg Diamonds. The campaign was known as the, “No Dirty Gold Campaign.” This then set higher standards and also set the criteria that encourages metal mining companies to respect human rights and also the environment. (Smithsonian).
Conclusion
In the End, Newmont Mining Corporation was founded by William Boyce Thompson in 1916, starting in the valleys and mountainsides of Nevada to all over the world. The Nevada mines are a good example of all the good it has brought to the economy, the bad that it has brought to the environment, and the ugly that all the mines are going to leave behind for the public eye. This includes the water usage, water quality and mercury air pollution as the bad and ugly, while the good is the money reported from the amount of gold coming out of the mines.
Work Cited
"The Environmental Disaster That Is the Gold Industry." Smithsonian. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Jan. 2016. <http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/environmental-disaster-gold-industry-180949762/?no-ist>.
"Apply Now." Newmont Mining. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.newmont.com/about-
"Basics of an Open Pit Mine." Basics of an Open Pit Mine. N.p., n.d. Web.<http://www.mine-engineer.com/
"Carlin Trend." Mining Technology. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.mining-technology.
"The Environmental Disaster That Is the Gold Industry." Smithsonian. N.p., n.d. Web.14 Jan. 2016. <http://www.smithsonianmag.
"Gold Processing: Mercury Usage in Gold Mining ? MiningFacts.org." Gold Processing: Mercury Usage in Gold Mining ? MiningFacts.org. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.miningfacts.org/
"Key Facts." Newmont Mining. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.newmont.com/
"Key Facts." Newmont Mining. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.newmont.com/
Lechler, P. J. "Modern Mercury Contamination from Historic Amalgamation Milling of Silver-Gold Ores in the Carson River, Nevada and Jordan Creek, Idaho: Importance of Speciation Analysis in Understanding the Source, Mobility, and Fate of Polluted Materials." Mercury Contaminated Sites (1999): 337-55. Web.
"Nevada | History - Geography - State, United States." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web.<http://www.britannica.com/
"Nevada." Worldmark Encyclopedia of the States. 2007, "Nevada." Dictionary of American History. 2003, "Nevada." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th Ed.. 2015, "Nevada." Cities of the United States. 2006, "Nevada." World Encyclopedia. 2005, "Nevada." Gale Encyclopedia of U.S, MICHAEL KENNEDY;JOYCE BOURNE, and "Nevada." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. 2007. "Nevada." Encyclopedia.com. HighBeam Research, 01 Jan. 2007. Web. <http://www.encyclopedia.com/
N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.newmont.com/
1. Environmental Problems at Newmont Mines in Nevada January 11 2011 (n.d.): n. pag. Web..
"Open Pit Mining Techniques|Surface Mines|Rock or Mineral Extraction." Open Pit Mining Techniques|Surface Mines|Rock or Mineral Extraction. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.greatmining.com/
"Regional Key Facts." Newmont Mining. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.newmont.com/
"Result Filters." National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d. Web.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
"William Boyce Thompson (Deceased 1930)." William Boyce Thompson (Deceased 1930). N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.aimehq.org/
Forbes. Forbes Magazine, n.d. Web. 14 Jan. 2016.
Heber, Alex. "Golds Critical Role in Society." N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Jan. 2016. <http://www.australianmining.com.au/features/gold-s-critical-role-in-society>.
"Gold Nanoparticles: Properties and Applications." Sigma-Aldrich. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Jan. 2016. <http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/materials-science/nanomaterials/gold-nanoparticles.html>.
"Who Owns The West? Mining Claims in America's West." Who Owns The West? Mining Claims in America's West. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Jan. 2016. <http://www.ewg.org/mining/owners/overview.php?cust_id=-576016>.
" Open Pit Mining," Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 14 Jan. 2016. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-pit_mining>.
"Cyanide Leaching Of Gold." Cyanide Leaching Of Gold. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Jan. 2016. <http://www.mine-engineer.com/mining/minproc/cyanide_leach.htm>.
Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 14 Jan. 2016. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_mining_in_Nevada>.
" Heap Leachigng " N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Jan. 2016. <http://snobear.colorado.edu/Markw/Intro/Summitville/Cyanide_Leach/cyanide.html>.
"Newmont Mining Corp: Assets Are the Gold Mine Here -- The Motley Fool."The Motley Fool. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Jan. 2016. <http://www.fool.com/investing/general/2015/03/11/newmont-mining-corp-assets-are-the-gold-mine-here.aspx>.
"Amino Acids Key to New Gold Leaching Process." Amino Acids Key to New Gold Leaching Process. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Jan. 2016. <http://phys.org/news/2014-10-amino-acids-key-gold-leaching.html>
"Footprints in the Dust." : Environmental Consequences of Open Pit Mining. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Jan. 2016. <http://sob-leaningleft.blogspot.com/2012/03/environmental-consequences-of-open-pit.html>.
"Brilliant Earth." Brilliant Earth. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Jan. 2016. <http://www.brilliantearth.com/dirty-gold-mining-methods/>.
"Glossary of Mining Terms." Glossary of Mining Terms. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Jan. 2016. <http://www.coaleducation.org/glossary.htm>.
1. Environmental Problems at Newmont Mines in Nevada January 11 2011(n.d.): n. pag. Web.
Lechler, P. J. "Modern Mercury Contamination from Historic Amalgamation Milling of Silver-Gold Ores in the Carson River, Nevada and Jordan Creek, Idaho: Importance of Speciation Analysis in Understanding the Source, Mobility, and Fate of Polluted Materials." Mercury Contaminated Sites (1999): 337-55. Web.
"Result Filters." National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d. Web. 14 Jan. 2016. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15369321>.
Gol’fand, I. Ya, N. V. Krapukhina, and E. M. Fokina. "Features of decision making while managing enterprises in nonferrous metallurgy using the example of a gold-mining company." Russian Journal of Non-Ferrous Metals 52.3 (2011): 266-274.
"Vadose Zone Journal." Sign In. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Jan. 2016. <http://vzj.geoscienceworld.org/content/1/1/186/F1.expansion.html>.
"Apply Now." Newmont Mining. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.newmont.com/about-
"Basics of an Open Pit Mine." Basics of an Open Pit Mine. N.p., n.d. Web.<http://www.mine-engineer.com/
"Carlin Trend." Mining Technology. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.mining-technology.
"The Environmental Disaster That Is the Gold Industry." Smithsonian. N.p., n.d. Web.14 Jan. 2016. <http://www.smithsonianmag.
"Gold Processing: Mercury Usage in Gold Mining ? MiningFacts.org." Gold Processing: Mercury Usage in Gold Mining ? MiningFacts.org. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.miningfacts.org/
"Key Facts." Newmont Mining. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.newmont.com/
"Key Facts." Newmont Mining. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.newmont.com/
Lechler, P. J. "Modern Mercury Contamination from Historic Amalgamation Milling of Silver-Gold Ores in the Carson River, Nevada and Jordan Creek, Idaho: Importance of Speciation Analysis in Understanding the Source, Mobility, and Fate of Polluted Materials." Mercury Contaminated Sites (1999): 337-55. Web.
"Nevada | History - Geography - State, United States." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web.<http://www.britannica.com/
"Nevada." Worldmark Encyclopedia of the States. 2007, "Nevada." Dictionary of American History. 2003, "Nevada." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th Ed.. 2015, "Nevada." Cities of the United States. 2006, "Nevada." World Encyclopedia. 2005, "Nevada." Gale Encyclopedia of U.S, MICHAEL KENNEDY;JOYCE BOURNE, and "Nevada." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. 2007. "Nevada." Encyclopedia.com. HighBeam Research, 01 Jan. 2007. Web. <http://www.encyclopedia.com/
N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.newmont.com/
1. Environmental Problems at Newmont Mines in Nevada January 11 2011 (n.d.): n. pag. Web..
"Open Pit Mining Techniques|Surface Mines|Rock or Mineral Extraction." Open Pit Mining Techniques|Surface Mines|Rock or Mineral Extraction. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.greatmining.com/
"Regional Key Facts." Newmont Mining. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.newmont.com/
"Result Filters." National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d. Web.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
"William Boyce Thompson (Deceased 1930)." William Boyce Thompson (Deceased 1930). N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.aimehq.org/
Forbes. Forbes Magazine, n.d. Web. 14 Jan. 2016.
Heber, Alex. "Golds Critical Role in Society." N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Jan. 2016. <http://www.australianmining.com.au/features/gold-s-critical-role-in-society>.
"Gold Nanoparticles: Properties and Applications." Sigma-Aldrich. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Jan. 2016. <http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/materials-science/nanomaterials/gold-nanoparticles.html>.
"Who Owns The West? Mining Claims in America's West." Who Owns The West? Mining Claims in America's West. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Jan. 2016. <http://www.ewg.org/mining/owners/overview.php?cust_id=-576016>.
" Open Pit Mining," Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 14 Jan. 2016. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-pit_mining>.
"Cyanide Leaching Of Gold." Cyanide Leaching Of Gold. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Jan. 2016. <http://www.mine-engineer.com/mining/minproc/cyanide_leach.htm>.
Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 14 Jan. 2016. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_mining_in_Nevada>.
" Heap Leachigng " N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Jan. 2016. <http://snobear.colorado.edu/Markw/Intro/Summitville/Cyanide_Leach/cyanide.html>.
"Newmont Mining Corp: Assets Are the Gold Mine Here -- The Motley Fool."The Motley Fool. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Jan. 2016. <http://www.fool.com/investing/general/2015/03/11/newmont-mining-corp-assets-are-the-gold-mine-here.aspx>.
"Amino Acids Key to New Gold Leaching Process." Amino Acids Key to New Gold Leaching Process. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Jan. 2016. <http://phys.org/news/2014-10-amino-acids-key-gold-leaching.html>
"Footprints in the Dust." : Environmental Consequences of Open Pit Mining. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Jan. 2016. <http://sob-leaningleft.blogspot.com/2012/03/environmental-consequences-of-open-pit.html>.
"Brilliant Earth." Brilliant Earth. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Jan. 2016. <http://www.brilliantearth.com/dirty-gold-mining-methods/>.
"Glossary of Mining Terms." Glossary of Mining Terms. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Jan. 2016. <http://www.coaleducation.org/glossary.htm>.
1. Environmental Problems at Newmont Mines in Nevada January 11 2011(n.d.): n. pag. Web.
Lechler, P. J. "Modern Mercury Contamination from Historic Amalgamation Milling of Silver-Gold Ores in the Carson River, Nevada and Jordan Creek, Idaho: Importance of Speciation Analysis in Understanding the Source, Mobility, and Fate of Polluted Materials." Mercury Contaminated Sites (1999): 337-55. Web.
"Result Filters." National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d. Web. 14 Jan. 2016. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15369321>.
Gol’fand, I. Ya, N. V. Krapukhina, and E. M. Fokina. "Features of decision making while managing enterprises in nonferrous metallurgy using the example of a gold-mining company." Russian Journal of Non-Ferrous Metals 52.3 (2011): 266-274.
"Vadose Zone Journal." Sign In. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Jan. 2016. <http://vzj.geoscienceworld.org/content/1/1/186/F1.expansion.html>.
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